PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) in diabetic retinopathy patients using Heidelberg retinal tomography III (HRT). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 90 eyes of 90 consecutive newly diagnosed patients with diabetic retinopathy (nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, NPDR, Group I and proliferative, PDR, Group II) were recruited for the study. The eyes with PDR were subjected to PRP. The effect of PRP was measured on optic nerve head (ONH) parameters using HRT. RESULTS: Follow-up up to 4 years in both groups indicated that in Group II proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) participants undergoing PRP, the ONH parameters showed a significant difference in cup area (P = 0.023), cup volume (P = 0.001), mean cup depth (P = 0.015), maximum cup depth (P < 0.001), mean retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness (P < 0.001) at 1 year of follow-up, and remained significant in all at 4 years of follow-up, whereas there was no significant difference in any of the optic disc parameters in the participants of Group I belonging to NPDR group as compared to PDR group after 4 years. CONCLUSION: PRP affected the ONH morphology in the PDR group and the effect of this change should be interpreted with caution. This may require setting a new baseline for RNFL measurements using the HRT when documenting RNFL loss or glaucoma progression in patients who have undergone PRP.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine whether anterior scleral thickness (AST) varies significantly between patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) versus normal individuals. To validate scleral thickness measurements by ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) vis a vis anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT). METHODS: This case–control study analyzed 50 eyes of 50 patients with CSCR (cases) and compared it with that of 50 eyes of 50 age- and gender-matched controls. In cases, AST was measured at 1 mm and 2 mm temporal to the temporal scleral spur by ASOCT and UBM. In controls, AST was measured only by ASOCT. In all participants, posterior choroidal thickness (CT) was measured subfoveally, 1 mm nasal and 1 mm temporal to fovea by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: The mean AST, as measured by ASOCT among cases and controls was 703.86 μm and 667.54 μm, respectively (P = 0.006). The mean AST by ASOCT and UBM in cases were 703.86 μm and 657.42 μm, respectively (P = 0.001). AST measurement by ASOCT and UBM showed a positive and statistically significant correlation (r = 0.431, P = 0.000). The mean CT among cases and controls was 443.56 μm and 373.88 μm, respectively (P = 0.000). We found a weak positive correlation (r = 0.11) in cases and weaker positive correlation in controls, between CT and AST measured by ASOCT. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that AST varies significantly between patients with CSCR versus normal individuals. We found poor agreement of AST when measured by ASOCT and UBM.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes of twenty-seven-gauge (27G) vitrectomy in cases with complex proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS: This was a retrospective interventional study of eyes that underwent 27G vitrectomy for complex PDR. The demographic profile, history, examination findings, and intraoperative surgical steps (especially use of other instruments such as intravitreal scissors/forceps) were reviewed. All the eyes were followed up for a minimum of 3 months at 1-week, 1-month, and 3-month interval. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), and retinal status were documented at every follow-up. RESULTS: Nineteen eyes of 17 patients with complex PDR were included in the study. Seven eyes had tractional retinal detachment involving the macula, three had tractional retinal detachment threatening the macula, one had secondary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, and eight eyes had nonresolving vitreous hemorrhage along with thick fibrovascular proliferation (FVP) at posterior pole. Anatomical attachment was seen in all cases at the end of follow-up with a single surgery. Visual acuity improved from logMAR 2.5 preoperatively to logMAR 1.01 at 3 months (P = 0.0003). None of the cases required use of intravitreal scissors/forceps for the removal of FVP. Early postoperative vitreous hemorrhage was seen in two eyes. Hypotony was not seen in any eye, while increased IOP was seen in five eyes. CONCLUSION: 27G vitrectomy is a safe and effective technique in cases with complex diabetic surgery. Due to smaller size cutter, it offers advantages in the dissection of tissue and is associated with lower incidence of early postoperative hemorrhage.

AIM: To analyse complications in patients managed with deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) for diseases of anterior corneal stroma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of all the patients who underwent DALK in a tertiary care center in South India from 2010 to 2021. A total of 484 eyes in 378 patients were included in the study. Patients who underwent DALK for advanced keratoconus, keratoconus with Bowman's membrane scar, healed hydrops, macular corneal opacity, macular corneal dystrophy, granular corneal dystrophy, spheroidal degeneration, pellucid marginal degeneration, post-LASIK ectasia, descemetocele, postcollagen cross-linking aborted melt and dense scar, and postradial keratotomy were included in the study. The patients were followed up for 17.6±9.4 months(1–10years). RESULTS: Complications noted in the surgery were intraoperatively Descemet's membrane perforation in 32 eyes (6.6%), postoperatively secondary glaucoma in 16 eyes (3.31%), cataract in 7 eyes (1.45%), suture-related complications in 5 eyes (1.03%), graft rejection in 3 eyes (0.61%), traumatic dehiscence in 2 eyes (0.41%), filamentary keratitis in 2 eyes (0.41%), interface infiltrate in 1 eye (0.21%), and recurrence of disease in 4 eyes (8.77%) out of 57 eyes with corneal dystrophy. CONCLUSION: DALK as an alternative to penetrating keratoplasty for anterior corneal stromal diseases has proven to be better time and again. It has become an automatic choice for diseases of anterior cornea requiring keratoplasty. Complications occurring at any stage of surgery can be identified and managed effectively resulting in optimal outcome. This article compiles complications post DALK.

BACKGROUND: Pterygium is very common in India and is usually removed by limbal conjunctival autograft transplantation (LCAT), which, despite being the first-line therapy, is still associated with recurrences of up to 18%. OBJECTIVES: To compare the safety and efficacy of topical cyclosporine A (CsA) and interferon (IFN) alpha-2b in the prevention of postoperative recurrence of pterygium. METHODS: A total of 40 patients with primary pterygium were randomized into two equal groups, Group C and Group I. Both the groups underwent LCAT, with Group C kept on topical cyclosporine 0.05% (CsA) 4 times daily and Group I on topical IFN alpha 2b 0.2 million IU 4 times daily postoperatively for 3 months. Pre- and posttreatment best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), recurrence, and complications were assessed at day 1, week 1, 1 month, and 3 months. RESULTS: The mean preoperative BCVA of 0.51 ± 0.18 and 0.51 ± 0.23 improved to 0.13 ± 0.13 and 0.13 ± 0.13 in Group C and Group I, respectively, after 3 months of treatment (P < 0.0001). Recurrence was seen in 2 cases in Group C and in 1 case in Group I at 3 months. No significant complications occurred in either of the groups. CONCLUSION: Topical CsA and IFN Alpha-2b are newer efficacious adjuvants with LCAT for prevention of postoperative pterygium recurrence.

BACKGROUND: The study analyzed the association of head posture on intraocular pressure (IOP). The study aimed to evaluate and measure the changes in IOP and heart rate (HR) of human beings on head-down posture. The study included 105 patients at the department of ophthalmology of a tertiary care center in India. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients underwent applanation tonometry and HR variability (HRV) analysis before and after 20 min of head-down posture (approximately 20°). The IOP and HRV were measured. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The statistical methods of Paired t-test and linear regression analysis were applied. P < 0.05 was defined as statistically significant. RESULTS: After 20 min of the 20° head-down position, an increase in IOP was significant from 15.0 ± 2.0 mmHg to 18.0 ± 2.3 mmHg (P < 0.001). A decrease in HR was also significant from 78 ± 10.48 bpm to 72 ± 10.52 bpm after the head-down position for 20 min (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These outcomes presented the first evidence of the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system in the head-down position which might cause decreased HR and the collapse of Schlemm's canal lumen, which in turn leads to the increased IOP.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to analyze the outcomes of patients with toxic anterior segment syndrome (TASS) and Urrets-Zavalia (UZ) syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of all patients with TASS and UZ syndrome were studied. Corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), and the details of surgeries performed were recorded at 1 and 3 months. We studied the changes in CDVA and IOP using repeated-measure ANOVA and paired t -test, respectively. RESULTS: Four patients (44.4%) developed refractory UZ syndrome, and five (55.6%) patients had TASS. At the end of 3 months of follow-up, all nine patients had concentric rings of iris atrophy and corneal edema. None of the cases had hypopyon or vitritis. Peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) with secondary glaucoma was present only in cases of UZ syndrome. Among the four cases of UZ syndrome, goniosynechialysis was performed for 2 cases and trabeculectomy for one case. Despite these interventions, IOP could not be controlled. Patients in the TASS group did not exhibit PAS formation, and IOP was normal, but corneal edema and concentric rings of iris atrophy persisted. Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty was performed for all the TASS cases. There was a statistically significant drop in CDVA ( P = 0.028) and an increase in IOP ( P = 0.029) at 3-month postcataract surgery. CONCLUSION: TASS and UZ syndrome could result in sight-threatening complications. They may be considered diseases of the same entity as both the conditions were found in the same cluster. TASS could be considered as an abortive attack of UZ syndrome.

BACKGROUND: To analyze the impact of online classes on eye health of children and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational study with a written questionnaire and comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation at a tertiary eye care center in South India, during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: Of the 496 patients, most were 5–10 years old, attending online classes 1–2 h/day with majority (84.7%) having <4 h of classes. Electronic gadget use after classes was seen in 95.6% participants and 28.6% admitted to using it for more than 2 h/day. Digital eye strain (DES) was seen in 50.8% of patients of which headache or eye ache were the most common symptom (30.8%). Duration of online class was found to be the single most independent factor associated with the development of eye complaints (P = 0.001). Duration of class hours (P = 0.007) and light setting (P = 0.008) was found to be independent determinants of developing DES. CONCLUSIONS: Increased screen time, inadequate light setting, and excessive application of near vision can produce undesirable effects including the development of DES, worsening or development of new refractive errors and squint.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Small-incision cataract surgery (SICS) is a commonly performed procedure in developing countries. It does not require expensive machines and can be safely done in high-volume centers also yielding good visual outcomes in the majority of patients. The objective of our study was to assess visual outcomes after SICS conducted at a tertiary care center in South Gujarat and also assessment of various complications responsible for poor visual outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three hundred and fifteen cataract patients were included in the study. An assessment of intraoperative and postoperative complications was done. Postoperative visual acuity assessment was done and compared with preoperative visual acuity of the patient and factors responsible for poor visual outcomes were assessed. A follow-up examination was done on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 30. RESULTS: The mean age group of patients was 59.3 years. Females were slightly more (53.3%) in number as compared to males. The most common surgical complication encountered were striate keratopathy (6.35%), followed by iris damage (5.71%), posterior capsular rent (PCR) with vitreous loss (3.14%), hypotony (0.63%), intraocular lens decentration (0.63%), surgery-induced astigmatism (0.63%), choroidal detachment (0.32%), endophthalmitis (0.32%), and hyphema (0.32%). About 95.87% of patients had vision better than 6/18. Complications associated with poor visual outcome (<6/18) were PCR, endophthalmitis, choroidal detachment, and surgical-induced astigmatism. CONCLUSIONS: Although SICS can have a significant chance of complications, good visual outcomes can be attained in the majority of patients.

BACKGROUND: Pterygium is a commonly occurring ocular pathology, characterized by a benign proliferation of conjunctiva which extends onto the corneal surface. Abnormal tear film and meibomian gland (MG) dysfunction have been linked to pterygium development. AIMS: This study was done to evaluate the changes taking place in the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score and other tear film parameters with MG parameters in patients of primary pterygium as well as evaluation of the relation between them in pterygium. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This was a case–control study, done in a tertiary care hospital in North India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients presenting to the ophthalmology outpatient department with a diagnosis of pterygium were enrolled in the pterygium study group along with their gender- and age-matched controls. Both groups were evaluated for OSDI score and other tear films and MG parameters were compared. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The results were analyzed using SPSS version 24.0. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The OSDI score was significant among the study groups with a P = 0.006 and the MG parameters of MG expression score, lid margin abnormality, and meiboscore were also significant with a P = 0.002, 0.002, and < 0.01, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There is a positive association between pterygium, tear film abnormality, and MG disease (MGD). A strong association was also established between MGD and dry eye. Any alteration in one will aggravate the other.

BACKGROUND: To report a trainee's experience gained in the cataract extraction training program after the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: An ophthalmologist was trained in phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in the ETAPE foundation, Eye Center, Cairo for a period of 4 weeks by three expert cataract surgeons. The training was tailored to the previous trainee's experience according to his residency logbook and supervised by one expert cataract surgeon. The training included didactic lectures, clinical observations, and hands-on practical experience. In addition, the trainee was provided with a logbook to record details of patients operated on and procedures observed. RESULTS: The trainee performed 58 phacoemulsification surgery with IOL implantation and two extracapsular cataract extraction over the 4 weeks. Seven patients underwent intraoperative complications. Surgical time (ST) improved from 48.77 ± 9.65 min in the 1^st week to 19.34 ± 1.31 min during the last week of training (P = 0.046). Poisson regression showed that patients affected by less severe cataracts were more likely to exhibit a lower incidence of complications than patients affected by more severe cataracts. In addition, patients operated on during the 1^st week were more likely to show a higher incidence of complications than those operated on during the last week. CONCLUSIONS: The 4-week surgical training effectively improved surgical confidence and micro incisional skills according to ST reduction and complication rate occurrence. Ophthalmologists benefit from enhancing their cataract skills in a short time following a well-structured cataract extraction course. This could undoubtedly lead to improved surgical outcomes for patients undergoing cataract extraction.

RATIONAL: The rationale of this study was to evaluate the visual and anatomical outcomes of pars plana lensectomy and iris-claw Artisan intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in patients with subluxated crystalline lenses secondary to Marfan syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective case series, we evaluate the records of 21 eyes of 15 patients with Marfan syndrome and moderate-to-severe crystalline lens subluxation who underwent pars plana lensectomy/anterior vitrectomy and implantation of iris-claw Artisan IOL at referral hospital from September 2015 to October 2019. RESULTS: Twenty-one eyes of 15 patients (10 males and five females) with a mean age of 24.47 ± 19.14 years were included. Mean best-corrected visual acuity was improved from 1.17 ± 0.55 logMAR to 0.64 ± 0.71 logMAR at the final follow-up visit (P < 0.001). The mean intraocular pressure did not change significantly (P = 0.971). The final refraction showed a mean sphere of 0.54 ± 2.46 D and a mean cylinder of 0.81 ± 1.03 at the mean axis of 57.92 ± 58.33 degrees. One eye developed rhegmatogenous retinal detachment 2 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Pars plana lensectomy and iris-claw Artisan IOL implantation seem to be a useful, impressive, and safe procedure with a low rate of complications in Marfan patients with moderate-to-severe crystalline lens subluxation. Visual acuity was significantly improved with acceptable anatomical and refractive outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Keratoconjunctivitis is one of the most common pathologies worldwide, caused by several infectious and noninfectious factors. This study aimed to determine the effect of povidone-iodine 2% eye drops in treating adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. METHODS: This analytic cross-sectional study was conducted on patients referred to Farabi Eye Hospital Records of patients with adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis, more than 12 years of age, and no allergy to iodine who were treated by povidone-iodine 2% eye drops four times a day were assessed. Data included demographic characteristics, family history of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis, follicular conjunctivitis, petechial conjunctival hemorrhages, periauricular lymphadenopathy, and the presence of conjunctival pseudomembrane were collected from the records. Discharge decrease, injection decrease, swelling decrease, pseudomembrane formation, periauricular lymphadenopathy, and subepithelial infiltration on the 7^th day of assessment by physical examination were reported. RESULTS: Patients with a mean (±standard deviation) age of 33.77 (11.01) years were assessed. At the baseline, 95 (99.0%) follicular conjunctivitis, 94 (97.9%) petechial conjunctival hemorrhages, 29 (30.2%) periauricular lymphadenopathy, and 5 (5.2%) conjunctival pseudomembrane were recorded. On the 7^th day of treatment, the discharge decreased in 92.7% of patients, and the injection decreased in 90.6%. The swelling decrease was also detected in 79.2% of patients. Subepithelial infiltration was only seen in 21.9% of the study population. Results showed that 2.1% of patients had periauricular lymphadenopathy, and only 13 out of 96 patients (13.5%) had pseudomembrane formation after 7 days. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the safety, availability, and tolerability of povidone-iodine and its promising effects on patients with adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis, further clinical trials assessing the impact of this drug in a longer duration of follow-up can be recommended.

AIM: This study aims to evaluate the treatment outcomes of periocular capillary hemangioma with oral propranolol (OP) and list the factors predictive of recurrence and incomplete resolution after treatment. METHODOLOGY: Data were collected by retrospective review of medical files of patients with infantile hemangioma (IH) treated with OP during January 2014–December 2019 from two tertiary eye institutes from India. Patients presenting with symptoms of IH with/without any history of prior treatment were included. All patients were started on OP with the dose of 2–2.5 mg/Kg body weight and continued till complete resolution or till the lesion reached a plateau response. Details about the ophthalmic examination at each visit and availability of imaging findings were noted down from the records. Primary outcome: Study the treatment outcome of patients treated with OP and discussed our observations regarding factors that may predict nonresponse, poor response, or recurrence. Secondary outcome: complications/side effects of therapy. Response to treatment was judged as fair, good, and excellent depending on resolution <50%, >50%, and complete resolution, respectively. Univariate analysis of factors related to treatment response was judged as fair, good, and excellent depending on resolution <50%, >50%, outcome and recurrence was studied using Mann–Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: A total of 28 patients were included in the study, out of which 17 were female and 11 were male. The mean age of onset of the lesion was 1.08 (± 1.484) months, 11 being congenital in origin. The mean age at presentation was 4.15 (± 2.92) months. 46.43% (n = 13) of patients showed complete resolution, while 25% (n = 7) showed more than 50% reduction in lesion size. Fair response was noted in 28.57% (n = 8). The mean duration of follow-up after stopping OP was 17.7 (± 20.774) months. The recurrence rate noted was 14.28%. The factors which were associated with incomplete resolution were age at presentation >3 months, later age of appearance of the lesion, superficial lesions with no orbital involvement. Male gender and congenital lesions responded best to OP therapy. Minor complications were noted with a rate of 25% (n = 7). Younger age at presentation was more commonly associated with complications. CONCLUSION: OP is a safe and effective treatment for capillary hemangioma except for a smaller subset of patients who show suboptimal response to this drug. However, specific factors responsible for suboptimal response or recurrence after OP therapy remain elusive. Although not statistically significant, there was an increasing trend toward higher age at presentation, low birth weight, and superficial lesions with a poorer response. Furthermore, these factors along with the male gender were commonly associated with recurrence in our series. Larger prospective studies focused on evaluating clinical factors responsible for incomplete resolution and recurrence will help in prognosticating and suggesting alternative treatment regimes.

PURPOSE: To present changes in transpalpebral intraocular pressure (tpIOP) in eyes after transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (TPRK) in myopic Saudi patients and its determinants. METHODS: This one-armed cohort included the myopic eyes of Saudi adolescents treated with TPRK in 2020–2021. The difference in tpIOP before surgery, 1 week after surgery, and 1 month after surgery using Diaton was the main outcome. Central corneal thickness (CCT), myopia grade, gender, age, and corneal epithelial thickness before surgery were independent factors. Matched-pair analysis was conducted. The determinants of tpIOP post-TPRK were studied. RESULTS: Our cohort included 193 eyes of 97 participants (25.6 ± 5.8 years). Mild, moderate, and severe myopia were present in 93, 79, and 21 eyes, respectively. tpIOP was 22 mmHg or more in 5 and 8 eyes at 1-week and 1-month follow-up, respectively. The change in tpIOP ranged from − 7.00 to + 11.0 mmHg at 1 week and − 8.0 to + 26.0 mmHg at 1 month. The median change of CCT at 1 month was 59 μ. Change in tpIOP was not correlated with change in CCT at 1 month (r = −0.107, Pearson P = 0.14). Change of tpIOP was significantly correlated to spherical equivalent (SE) before surgery (matched-pair P < 0.001). SE (Mann–Whitney U P = 0.02) and tpIOP (Mann–Whitney U P = 0.02) before TPRK were significantly correlated to tpIOP >22 mmHg after TPRK. CONCLUSION: The changes in tpIOP following refractive surgery correlate to the refractive status of the eye and tpIOP before surgery.

BACKGROUND: Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) disease is a vision-threatening inflammatory disorder that is challenging in diagnosis and management. METHODS: Retrospective, record-based analysis of 54 eyes belonging to 27 adult patients that fulfilled the revised diagnostic criteria for VKH between January 2018 and January 2021. Demographic, clinical, and imaging data on presentation and during follow-up visits were collected for each patient. Available imaging studies included B-scan ultrasonography (B-scan US), spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), and OCT angiography (OCT-A). RESULTS: The female-to-male ratio was 2.38:1. Nineteen patients (70.37%) presented during an initial attack, while eight patients (29.63%) presented during recurrence. The most commonly presenting sign in the posterior segment was exudative retinal detachment (44 eyes, 81.48%). B-scan US was utilized in 4 eyes (7.41%), OCT was utilized in 48 eyes (88.89%) with the most common finding being subretinal fluid (43 eyes, 89.58%), FFA was performed in 39 eyes (72.22%) with the most common finding being punctate hyperfluorescence and late dye pooling (33 eyes, 84.62%), and OCT-A was performed in 30 eyes (55.56%), in which choriocapillaris flow deficit that correlated with disease activity was detectable in 25 eyes (83.33%). Improved visual acuity was noted in 85% of the eyes that were followed up. CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis and treatment of VKH result in favorable visual outcome. Multimodal imaging, with the recent addition of OCT-A, provides complementary data that could serve in diagnosis and monitoring.

Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor (ROCK) therapy for corneal endothelial dysfunction or damage other than glaucoma has been reported with few ocular side effects. We report reticular epithelial edema (REE) with netarsudil (0.02%) therapy in four cases with different clinical scenarios (three cases with corneal transplant and one case postcataract extraction). REE developed in all cases variably and cleared on cessation of netarsudil in three cases. One case was continued on netarsudil due to REE sparing the visual axis with no active ocular complaints. Partial clearance of stromal edema observed in all cases was correlated clinically to visual acuity considering existing comorbidities in an individual case.

Acquired ectropion uveae (AEU) is a common sequela to various inflammatory and ischemic conditions, though it is not well recognized. There is a paucity of literature describing AEU. So here, we present five cases where we documented ectropion uveae following chronic inflammation. Patients with ectropion uveae following chronic inflammation and ischemia were retrospectively reviewed. Their medical records and clinical findings were analyzed. Five patients of various ages were found to have AEU, of which 1 was post trabeculectomy with phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens, 1 following neovascular glaucoma (NVG), 1 following uveitic glaucoma, and 2 following iridocorneal endothelial syndrome. Patients with NVG and uveitic glaucoma also had undergone glaucoma filtration surgeries. AEU may be seen secondary to inflammatory and ischemic processes and should be looked for carefully as they may cause progressive glaucoma.

Orbital and adnexal solitary fibrous tumors (SFT) are rare entities. The clinico-radiological and histologic features overlap with those of other spindle cell variants, and hence the use of immunohistochemical stains helps in making an accurate diagnosis. Furthermore, a thorough surgical resection is imperative to prevent tumor recurrences. We report a rare case of SFT arising primarily from the eyelid with multiple recurrences.

A 4½-year-old boy presented to the ophthalmology clinic with intermittent left eye (LE) redness, protrusion, and reduced LE vision. He was noticed to have multiple skin hyperpigmented lesions increasing in size and number since birth. Clinically diagnosed as neurofibromatosis (NF)-type I associated with LE glaucoma, axial myopia, and amblyopia. He was started on topical timolol eye drops, then switched his timolol to latanoprost due to parasomnia (sleep disturbances and sleepwalking), and his symptoms improved significantly within 6 weeks with controlled intraocular pressure. NF-1 is a congenital multisystemic disease which needs special attention and continuous monitoring. Unilateral glaucoma is not a common association but can be the presenting ophthalmic manifestation. Multidisciplinary management is crucial for these patients.

This report describes a case of acute pupillary block glaucoma related to migration of nonemulsified silicone oil into the anterior chamber (AC) in a young phakic patient. A 24-year-old male diabetic patient underwent uneventful left eye pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with silicon oil endotamponade for diabetic macula-off tractional retinal detachment. Two weeks after discharge, he presented with severe left eye pain. Examination revealed hand motion vision, high intraocular pressure (IOP) of 67 mmHg with ciliary injection, corneal edema, and two large nonemulsified silicone oil bubbles in the AC at the pupillary margin. Medical management with topical antiglaucoma medications (AGMs) and intravenous acetazolamide and mannitol failed to reduce the IOP. The patient underwent left eye PPV, silicone oil removal, and AC wash. IOP was eventually controlled after the operation without AGM. Pupillary block glaucoma after silicone oil injection is well recognized in aphakic patients, but ophthalmologists should be aware that it can occur in phakic and pseudophakic patients, particularly in complicated cases and patients with a weakness of the iris–lens diaphragm.

Optic nerve head (ONH) drusen are acellular calcified concretions. Buried drusen manifests as pseudopapilledema. The compressive effects of ONH drusen can rarely precipitate central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). The superimposition of pseudopapilledema on disc edema in CRVO poses a diagnostic dilemma. A 40-year-old female without systemic comorbidities presented with resolving CRVO. An exhaustive systemic workup revealed no abnormalities. Ultrasonography demonstrated buried ONH drusen. This unusual etiology must be considered in a young patient in the absence of systemic risk factors, persistence of “nasally conspicuous” disc elevation, and presence of peripapillary hemorrhages. Ultrasonography must be incorporated in the diagnostic armamentarium in a young patient with CRVO.

Pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) can have varied manifestations. Anterior and posterior segment involvement by dispersed pigments was documented in gross pathology and by staining under microscopy. Pigmentary changes in the sclera, cornea, anterior chamber, iris, trabecular meshwork, lens, and retinal pigment epithelium and optic nerve findings were consistent with PDS. External scleral and vitreous pigmentation has never been reported before in the scientific literature. Retinal pigment degeneration and granule dispersion were seen throughout the retina which could be a contributing factor in the etiology of PDS.

Ocular decompression retinopathy (ODR) is caused by a sudden lowering of high intraocular pressure. Trabeculectomy is the most common procedure preceding ODR. Various mechanical and vascular etiologies have been proposed to cause ODR, with autoregulation and hemodynamics playing a contributing role. Herein, we report a rare case of ODR occurring after bleb needling in a young child using ultrawide-field fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography.

Wide-field optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) results in a patient of idiopathic multifocal choroiditis successfully treated with intravitreal methotrexate injections.

The case report of a 68-year-old man with a single-piece hydrophobic intraocular lens (IOL) implanted in the sulcus with posterior capsular rent in the right eye inducing secondary open-angle pigmentary glaucoma without individual hereditary steroid susceptibility. The clinical and diagnostic evaluations of the patient were thoroughly and specifically carried out. The unilateral pseudophakic open-angle pigmentary glaucoma developed in the long course in the context of rubbing of the haptics and optic of a hydrophobic IOL implanted in the sulcus, against the posterior surface of the iris, resulting in pigment dispersion, trabecular inflammation, and aqueous outflow obstruction. Although the clinical findings of our case were very similar to that of pigmentary glaucoma, the distinction between the two conditions was still quite easy, considering that pigmentary glaucoma is a bilateral disorder predominantly affecting young myopic men with Krukenberg's spindle and increased incidence of steroid responsiveness. It has been clearly distinguished from steroid-induced glaucoma based on the pigmented trabecular meshwork.

Silent sinus syndrome is a rare anomaly caused due to hypoventilation in the maxillary sinus. This is mostly unilateral and asymptomatic in majority of patients. Some patients develop complications due to this such as hypoglobus and enophthalmos. The usual age of occurrence is after 30 years. We report this unique case as our patient was very young to develop this.

A pilomatrixoma is a benign tumor originating from a hair follicle that most frequently occurs in the head-and-neck region. It usually presents as a subcutaneous, slow-growing, nodular, painless firm mass. There are few reported cases on eyelid pilomatrixoma. We reporting an unusual presentation of a rapidly growing pedunculated eyelid pilomatrixoma in a 29-year-old female patient. Surgical excision was performed, and histological examination showed a cavity containing proliferating cords of basaloid cells differentiated into eosinophilic keratinized shadow cells confirming the pilomatrixoma diagnosis. Only a few cases with pedunculated eyelid masses have been reported in the literature; pedunculated lesions can be misdiagnosed as vascular tumors or malignancies. Therefore, pilomatrixoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of such a presentation. A complete excisional biopsy of the mass is diagnostic and therapeutic.

Renal tuberculosis (TB) is a rare clinical disorder in the pediatric population. A 15-year-old female presented with intermittent blurring of vision in both eyes associated with fever, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Fundus examination showed bilateral disc edema. Her blood pressure was 220/110 mmHg. Renal parameters were deranged with bilaterally enlarged kidneys. Renal biopsy was suggestive of epithelioid cell granuloma with Langhans type giant cells. The patient was diagnosed with as a case of refractory hypertension due to tubercular interstitial nephritis with bilateral Grade IV hypertensive retinopathy. She was started on antitubercular therapy and antihypertensives. There was a complete resolution of disc edema 2 months following initiation of therapy. Optic disc edema can be a presenting sign in renal TB. Early diagnosis and prompt referral can be associated with good visual and systemic outcomes.

Bietti crystalline dystrophy is a rare hereditary autosomal recessive disease that causes photoreceptor loss secondary to degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium due to intracellular retinal pigment epithelial crystalline deposits and abnormal lipid metabolism. We aimed to present a case of choroidal neovascular membrane secondary to Bietti crystalline dystrophy diagnosed with multimodal imaging and treated with an intravitreal injection of aflibercept. A single dose of aflibercept injection might be effective due to its higher affinity for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in comparison with other anti-VEGFs. It might be a treatment alternative that can be considered in the choroidal neovascular membrane due to uncommon etiologies.

A 62-year-old female presented with complaints of persistent phantosmia (foul smell) for the last 4 months. She has a past history of right-sided dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) 18 months back and left-sided DCR 12 months back. In the initial follow-up period, the patient had frequent visits to her otolaryngologist and ophthalmologist. She experienced phantosmia often but was reassured. The patient presented to us and was examined in an operation theater. It was discovered that the foul-smelling foreign body was present in her right nasal cavity above the middle turbinate. It was removed. A retained gauze piece was revealed to be a cause of phantosmia. The purpose of reporting is to create awareness among ophthalmologists and otolaryngologists. Retained gauze piece following DCR surgery presenting as phantosmia is a new symptom after DCR surgery previously not reported in the literature. Repeated complaints of a postoperative patient, should be dealt with vigilantly and timely.

A 36-year-old male patient presented with a firm swelling in the left lacrimal sac region with a history of recurrent episodes of acute dacryocystitis, which partly resolved with systemic antibiotics. Computed tomography showed diffuse soft tissue mass without bony erosion in the same area. Incisional biopsy confirmed diffuse large cell lymphoma of non-Hodgkin's type by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Oncologists did not detect systemic involvement, and the patient received six cycles of cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin, oncovin, and prednisolone (CHOP). Epiphora was resolved, and no recurrence of the lesion was seen with subsequent dacryocystorhinostomy with intubation and was in good health for up to 3 years of follow-up. Although primary lacrimal sac lymphoma is a rare entity, high suspicion, and prompt action in atypical cases can save lives from aggressive diffuse large cell lymphoma.

We describe the case of a 76-year-old man who developed an asymptomatic choroidal osteoma in the left eye 10 years after receiving retinal laser photocoagulation for treatment of a peripapillary choroidal neovascular membrane. The choroidal osteoma presented as a progressively enlarging, well-circumscribed yellow lesion adjacent to the region of retinal fibrosis. Optical coherence tomography showed a choroidal lesion with superficial lamellations and ultrasonography demonstrated increased echogenicity. The choroidal osteoma was not encroaching on the fovea and is currently being monitored. This is only the third report of a de novo choroidal osteoma developing subsequent to retinal laser photocoagulation.

The etiology for corneal clouding from the birth is varied and includes conditions such as sclerocornea, birth trauma, corneal ulcer, Peters anomaly, and rare causes like mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS). The lysosomal storage disorders are associated with a varied ocular manifestation including bilateral corneal clouding which is often mild and stippled except in few cases like Hunter syndrome where cornea is often clear. We report a case of MPS Type I S (MPS 1) with near-normal visual acuity and bilateral dense corneal clouding with sparing of central 3 mm of cornea. The patient also had typical facial and skeletal abnormalities of lysosomal storage disorder. To our best knowledge, MPS 1 with marked corneal clouding with sparing of central cornea is very rare and has not been reported. This case report emphasizes on the atypical ocular presentation of MPS and the need for ophthalmological screening in the storage disorders.

Multiple adverse effects have been reported in people receiving the COVID-19 vaccinations including few reports of optic neuritis. However, there is no report till date, of bilateral optic neuritis post-ChAdOx1-S (recombinant) vaccination. We report here, for the first time, such a case in a previously healthy woman. Although a direct causal relationship cannot be proven, there was a temporal association between the vaccination and the onset of optic neuritis. Some vaccine adjuvants inciting disproportionate systemic inflammation, molecular mimicry, and the hypercoagulable state seen after COVID-19 vaccination could be the possible causes for the development of optic neuritis. Clinicians should be aware of this adverse effect apart from various other adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccination.

Here, we report a case of syphilis presented with optic neuritis to consider neurosyphilis as one of the differential diagnoses of optic neuritis. A 25-year-old male attended at outpatient department of chittagong eye infirmary and training complex institute with a history of a sudden loss of vision in the left eye for 20 days. On eye examination, the patient had reduced visual acuity on the left eye (6/60), and the left pupil showed a relative afferent pupillary defect and swollen left optic disc. No other abnormalities were found in a routine blood test and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Intravenous corticosteroid was administered for 3 days followed by oral corticosteroid. His vision was gradually improving within a month and became 6/9 in the left eye, but after a month, the patient returned with the blurring of vision in the same eye for 3 days. An extensive serum biochemical and serological test and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was done including syphilis serology and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serology. Venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test and Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA) were found positive with high titer (1:1280) and rapid plasma reagin (RPR) titer of 1:64 in blood. The CSF analysis showed leukocytosis, and VDRL and TPHA were also found positive with high RPR titer. The HIV serology test was negative. The patient was treated with injectable ceftriaxone 2 g intravenously for 14 days and also injectable corticosteroid. His vision was improved within this period. Unilateral optic neuritis due to syphilis without other ocular features is uncommon but should be considered if a patient presents with visual loss and optic disc swelling. Early diagnosis based on clinical suspicion and prompt management is important to prevent visual impairment and subsequent neurological complications.

To present a case of anatomical success and visual improvement after the treatment of a long-standing foveal retinal detachment in a staphylomatous myopic eye with foveoschisis and macular hole. A 60-year-old woman with high myopia presented with foveoschisis and a lamellar macular hole in her right eye. After 2 years of follow-up without deterioration, her eye developed a full-thickness macular hole and a foveal retinal detachment which caused a severe reduction in visual acuity. However, the patient had no surgical treatment for her condition at that time. Vitrectomy was performed 2 years after the retinal detachment formation. Regardless of the longstanding detachment, anatomical success, and visual improvement were evident after the surgery. Despite a 2-year longstanding foveal detachment on a highly myopic eye with foveoschisis and macular hole, surgical repair could still be satisfactory.

This report describes a rare case of spontaneous Grade-4 retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) rip of serous pigment epithelial detachment (PED) in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and RPE aperture in the fellow eye, with favorable long-term outcomes. A 38-year-old man presented with defective vision (20/30) in the left eye (LE) due to bullous CSC associated with a large extramacular RPE rip located temporally and inferior exudative retinal detachment. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) confirmed a subfoveal serous PED with RPE aperture, subretinal fluid (SRF) and fibrinous exudation, and a large extramacular RPE rip temporally. The right eye (RE) had an asymptomatic large serous PED. The LE was treated with low-fluence photodynamic therapy, which resulted in the closure of RPE aperture and complete resolution of PED and SRF. Six-month later, the patient presented with sudden defective vision (20/120) in the RE secondary to a large fovea-involving (Grade-4) RPE rip with SRF as confirmed on OCT. Fluorescein angiography showed two extrafoveal active point leaks, which were treated with focal photocoagulation. He was also started on oral eplerenone. On subsequent serial follow-ups over 1 year, OCT showed SRF resolution and patchy reorganization of the subfoveal RPE-photoreceptor complex with good visual outcome (20/30).